From awareness to action: What you need to know about Squamous cell carcinoma?
What is squamous cell carcinoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most prevalent types of skin cancer, though it is generally considered less lethal than melanoma. However, if left untreated, SCC can potentially spread to distant organs. Annually, people in Australia die from aggressive forms of SCCs.
What are the types of squamous cell carcinoma?
Some common types of SCC include:
Oral SCC: SCC can develop in the mucous membranes of the mouth, including the lips, tongue, gums, and inside the cheeks. It can present as white or red patches, ulcers, or lumps.
SCC in situ (Bowen's disease): This is an early form of SCC where abnormal cells are confined to the epidermis (outer layer of the skin) or mucous membranes without invading deeper tissues.
Who is at risk of developing SCC?
Several factors can increase a person’s risk of developing SCC. These include:
Sun exposure: Extended periods of UV radiation exposure from sunlight or artificial sources like tanning beds pose a significant risk of SCC, particularly cutaneous SCC.
Fair skin: Individuals with fair skin, light hair, and light eyes are more vulnerable to UV radiation’s harmful effects, thus increasing their susceptibility to SCC.
Age: The incidence of SCC rises with age, making older individuals more prone to developing the condition.
Previous skin damage: People with a history of sunburns, chronic skin inflammation, scars, burns, or radiation exposure are at an increased risk of SCC.
Weakened immune system: Conditions such as HIV/AIDS, organ transplantation, or the use of certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids) that suppress the immune system heighten the risk of SCC.
Smoking: Carcinogens present in tobacco smoke can elevate the likelihood of SCC development, particularly in the oral cavity and lungs.
HPV infection: Certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), notably types 16 and 18, are linked to an augmented risk of SCC, particularly in the anogenital region and oropharynx.
Chemical exposure: Occupational exposure to specific chemicals like arsenic, coal tar, and various industrial substances can increase the risk of SCC.
Chronic wounds: Persistent wounds or ulcers resulting from chronic inflammation or infection can increase SCC formation in the affected area.
Genetic factors: Certain genetic conditions such as xeroderma pigmentosum and epidermolysis bullosa, though less common, can predispose individuals to SCC.
How can you spot early signs of SCC?
Take note of fresh skin growths or wounds that fail to heal.
Monitor for rough patches, alterations in moles, or abnormal protrusions.
Watch for persistent white or red patches in the oral cavity or genital region.
Be mindful of challenges with swallowing, enduring soreness in the throat, or alterations in voice tone.
Stay vigilant for swollen lymph nodes or discomfort in specific body regions.
Why is it important to spot early signs of SCC?
SCC can progress invasively by extending beyond its initial location, penetrating deeper layers of the skin, and potentially spreading to other parts of the body. In essence, squamous cell skin cancer is considered invasive when it surpasses its original point of origin.
[Keratinising squamous cell carcinoma]
How serious is invasive SCC?
Skin cancer typically progresses gradually over years rather than months, yet this gradual development does not justify delaying treatment. Ignoring squamous cell skin cancer only allows it more time to advance invasively, potentially penetrating your nearby organs, lymph nodes, and even bones.
[SCC from overexposure to UVA particularly sunlight]
When should you see a doctor?
Consult a doctor if:
The sore persists for over two months.
A new, unusual-looking spot emerges.
An existing spot changes in colour, size, or shape.
A spot appears asymmetrical, with irregular contours.
The border of a spot is uneven.
A spot displays unusual or uneven colouring.
A spot exceeds 7mm in size.
It is important to note that any skin lesions causing suspicion or concern should be assessed by a dermatologist or healthcare provider for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Timely detection and intervention play a crucial role in effectively managing SCC.
References:
https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/squamous-cell-carcinoma
https://www.gentlecure.com/what-is-invasive-squamous-cell-skin-cancer/